String, Number, Boolean, Array, Object.
JavaScript Data Types
JavaScript variables can hold many data types: numbers, strings, arrays, objects and more:
var length = 16; // Number
var lastName = "Johnson"; // String
var cars = ["Saab", "Volvo", "BMW"]; // Array
var
x = {firstName:"John", lastName:"Doe"}; // Object
The Concept of Data Types
In programming, data types is an important concept.
To be able to operate on variables, it is important to know something about the type.
Without data types, a computer cannot safely solve this:
var x = 16 + "Volvo";
Does it make any sense to add "Volvo" to sixteen? Will it produce an error or will it produce a result?
JavaScript will treat the example above as:
var x =
"16" + "Volvo";
When adding a number and a string, JavaScript will treat the number as a string.
JavaScript evaluates expressions from left to right. Different sequences can produce different results:
In the first example, JavaScript treats 16 and 4 as numbers, until it reaches "Volvo".
In the second example, since the first operand is a string, all operands are treated as strings.
JavaScript Has Dynamic Types
JavaScript has dynamic types. This means that the same variable can be used as different types:
Example
var x;
// Now x is undefined
var x = 5;
// Now x is a Number
var x = "John"; // Now x is a String
JavaScript Strings
A string (or a text string) is a series of characters like "John Doe".
Strings are written with quotes. You can use single or double quotes:
Example
var
carName = "Volvo XC60"; // Using double quotes
var
carName = 'Volvo XC60'; // Using single quotes
You can use quotes inside a string, as long as they don't match the quotes surrounding the string:
Example
var answer = "It's alright";
// Single quote inside double quotes
var answer = "He is called 'Johnny'";
// Single quotes inside double quotes
var answer = 'He is called "Johnny"';
// Double quotes inside single quotes
Try
it yourself »You will learn more about strings later in this tutorial.
JavaScript Numbers
JavaScript has only one type of numbers.
Numbers can be written with, or without decimals:
Example
var x1 = 34.00; // Written with decimals
var x2 = 34; // Written without decimals
Extra large or extra small numbers can be written with scientific (exponential) notation:
You will learn more about numbers later in this tutorial.
JavaScript Booleans
Booleans can only have two values: true or false.
Example
var
x = true;
var y = false;Booleans are often used in conditional testing.
You will learn more about conditional testing later in this tutorial.
JavaScript Arrays
JavaScript arrays are written with square brackets.
Array items are separated by commas.
The following code declares (creates) an array called cars, containing three items (car names):
Array indexes are zero-based, which means the first item is [0], second is [1], and so on.
You will learn more about arrays later in this tutorial.
JavaScript Objects
JavaScript objects are written with curly braces.
Object properties are written as name:value pairs, separated by commas.
The object (person) in the example above has 4 properties: firstName, lastName, age, and eyeColor.
You will learn more about objects later in this tutorial.
The typeof Operator
You can use the JavaScript typeof operator to find the type of a JavaScript variable:
Example
typeof "John" // Returns string
typeof 3.14 // Returns number
typeof false // Returns boolean
typeof [1,2,3,4] // Returns object
typeof {name:'John', age:34} // Returns object
Try it Yourself »
The typeof operator returns "object" for arrays because in JavaScript arrays are objects.
Undefined
In JavaScript, a variable without a value, has the value undefined. The typeof is also undefined.
Any variable can be emptied, by setting the value to undefined. The type will also be undefined.
Empty Values
An empty value has nothing to do with undefined.
An empty string variable has both a value and a type.
Null
In JavaScript null is "nothing". It is supposed to be something that doesn't exist.
Unfortunately, in JavaScript, the data type of null is an object.
You can consider it a bug in JavaScript that typeof null is an object. It should be null.
You can empty an object by setting it to null:
You can also empty an object by setting it to undefined:
Difference Between Undefined and Null
typeof undefined
// undefined
typeof null
// object
null === undefined
// false
null == undefined
// true
Try it Yourself »